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Much of the image consists of blank areas now with little or no radar reaction. The "courtyard" wall is still showing strongly, however, and there are continuing ideas of a difficult surface in the SE corner. Time slice from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now nearly all blank, however a few of the walls are still revealing strongly.

How deep are these pieces? Unfortunately, the software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little challenging. If, however, the leading 3 slices represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would guess that each piece is about 10cm and we are just getting down about 80cm in overall.

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Thankfully for us, the majority of the websites we have an interest in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other techniques? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as gone over above, is a passive method determining regional variations in magnetism versus a localised zero value. Magnetic vulnerability study is an active technique: it is a measure of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the existence of a magnetic field. Just how much soil is tested depends upon the diameter of the test coil: it can be really little or it can be fairly large.

The sensing unit in this case is really small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a large "field coil" in usage at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically improved compared to subsoils just due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic susceptibility at a relatively coarse scale, we can detect areas of human occupation and middens. We do not have access to a reputable mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some excellent examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are typically laid out around a main open area or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Town, Dayton, Ohio (picture: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat website, the magnetometer study had located a range of functions and houses. The magnetic vulnerability study assisted, however, specify the primary location of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility survey arises from the Wildcat site, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The technique is for that reason of fantastic usage in defining areas of general profession instead of determining particular functions.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface area to determine the physical residential or commercial properties of the subsurface - Glad You Asked: What Are Seismic Surveys? in North Fremantle Australia 2020. Geophysical surveying methods typically determine these geophysical homes along with abnormalities in order to examine different subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and much more.